Številka 3–4/2006 ~ Issue 3–4/2006

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Kozma Ahačič: Rekonstruiranje zgodovinskih jezikovnih situacij: metode, problemi in primeri. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 7–23.
Prispevek predstavlja nekatere metode, probleme in zakonitosti rekonstruiranja zgodovinskih jezikovnih situacij znotraj zgodovinske sociolingvistike. V okviru tega govori o določanju rabe jezika po družbenih položajih (kmetje, mestno prebivalstvo, plemstvo) ter o zapletenejših jezikovnih repertoarjih bolj izobraženih posameznikov v določenem obdobju. Opozarja na vpliv izobraževalnega procesa na jezikovno situacijo, na vlogo rabe različnih jezikov v okviru istega besedila oziroma knjige pri opazovanju jezikovne situacije, na razlike med tvorci in naslovniki tedanjih književnih besedil, na potrebo po specifični obravnavi normativnih del glede na njihov vpliv na zgodovinsko jezikovno situacijo ter na odraz jezikovne situacije v sočasnem besedju (zlasti terminologiji), še posebej pa opozarja na problematičnost tedanjih oznak za jezik, narečje in govor.

Kozma Ahačič: Reconstructing Historical Linguistic Situations: Methods, Problems and Examples. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 7–23.
The article presents some methods, problems and rules of reconstructing historical linguistic situations within historical socio-linguistics. It focuses on determining language use according to social status (farmers, urban population, nobility), looking also at the more complex linguistic repertoires of educated individuals living in a particular period. The article calls attention to the influence of the educational process on a linguistic situation, the role played by the use of different languages within the same text or book in observing the linguistic situation, the differences between the text producers and addressees of the literary texts of a period, the need for specific treatment of normative works with respect to their influence on the historical linguistic situation, and the reflection of the linguistic situation in the discourse of the time (especially terminology), while pointing out the problematic use of the labels for language, dialect and speech within a given period.



Aleš Pogačnik: Pisava = latinica. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 25–36.
Članek za izhodišče vzame dejstvo, da je pisava prvo politično dejstvo jezika. Opiše današnji položaj pisnega sporočanja po svetu, predvsem v jezikih s kratko ali neobstoječo pisno tradicijo, in z nizanjem primerov opozarja na nekatere vzorčne dileme o pisni normi. Te dileme pa so: razlikovanje med narečjem/sociolektom, pidžinom, kreolščino in jezikom, vzpostavitev pisne norme in izbira pisave, posebej pri večinskih jezikih mladih držav, ki so tem jezikom šele pred kratkim podelile poseben status. Članek v zaključku opozori na neučinkovitost pisnih reform pri jezikih, ki uporabljajo vodilno pisavo sodobnega sveta, latinico, in se dotakne tudi vprašljivosti slovenske pisne reforme o prevzemanju tujih besed, ki napačno predpostavlja, da v latinični pisavi ena črka predstavlja en glas.

Aleš Pogačnik: Writing = Latin Alphabet. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 25–36.
The starting point of the article is that writing is the first political fact of language. It describes the current situation in written communication around the world, in particular those languages with a short or non-existent written tradition. Through examples it highlights some pattern dilemmas on written norms. These dilemmas concern differentiation between dialect/socio-dialect, Pidgin, Creole and language, establishment of a written norm, and the choice of writing, especially for the main languages of young states that have only recently ascribed a special status to these languages. In the conclusion, the article points out the inefficiency of written reforms for languages, which use the leading alphabet of the modern world, the Latin alphabet, and also discusses the questionable nature of the Slovene written reform on borrowing foreign words, which wrongly presumes that in the Latin alphabet a single letter represents a single sound.



Tanja Petrović: Med lokalnim in nacionalnim: Srbi v Beli krajini in njihova jezikovna identiteta. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 37–53.
Skozi analizo značilnosti jezikovne prakse pripadnikov srbske skupnosti v Beli krajini avtorica pokaže, kako jezikovna ideologija, prevladujoča v sodobnih nacionalnih državah Evrope, v kateri je standardni in nacionalni jezik najbolj prestižno sredstvo sporazumevanja, enojezičnost pa se sprejema kot edino naravno in zaželeno stanje, pušča bistvene sledi na poglede govorcev na jezik in s tem na njihove komunikacijske strategije, kar posebej velja za govorce manjšinskih in nestandardiziranih jezikov. Primer zamenjave jezika pri Srbih v Beli krajini, ki se intenzivno odvija v po drugi svetovni vojni, se v tem kontekstu lahko obravnava kot ena od manifestacij procesa, v katerem ta lokalna skupnost postaja del širših, tj. nacionalnih družbenih struktur. Vstop Slovenije v EU ni bistveno vplival na jezikovno situacijo in smer zamenjave jezika pri Srbih v Beli krajini (enako velja tudi za druge lokalne jezikovne skupnosti v državah članicah EU), zato ker v EU, ne glede na njeno institucionalizirano usmeritev k supranacionalnim vrednotam še naprej prevladuje ideologija standardnih jezikov.

Tanja Petrović: Between the Local and the National: The Serbs in the Bela krajina Region and their Linguistic Identity. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 37–53.
Through analysis of the features of language used by members of the Serbian community living in the Bela krajina region, the author of this article shows how the language ideology predominant in modern European nations – where the standard and national language is the most prestigious means of communication and the monolingual situation is accepted as the only natural and desired state – has a vital impact on the perception of a language by its speakers and consequently also on their communication strategies. This is particularly true of the speakers of minority and non-standard languages. In this context, an example of language replacement by the Serbs in Bela krajina, which has been going on intensely since the Second World War, can be treated as one of the illustrations of the process in which this local community is becoming part of wider, i.e. national social structures. Slovenia’s integration into the European Union has hardly had an influence on the linguistic situation and the direction of language replacement for the Serbs in Bela krajina (similar is true of other local linguistic communities in EU member countries), since in the European Union, regardless of its institutionalised orientation towards supra-national values, the ideology of standard languages remains predominant.



Maja Bitenc: Slovenščina in njeno poučevanje pri slovenskih zdomcih: raziskava med učenci dopolnilnega pouka slovenskega jezika in kulture v Baden-Württembergu. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 55–69.
V uvodnih poglavjih članka so na kratko predstavljeni osnovni pojmi s področja jezikov v stiku, možnosti rabe slovenščine v Nemčiji in možnosti za učenje slovenščine v tej državi. Osrednji del prinaša podatke o dopolnilnem pouku slovenskega jezika in kulture v tujini, njegovem zgodovinskem razvoju in zdajšnji organiziranosti, v empiričnem delu pa so opisani zasnovanost, potek in rezultati raziskave, izvedene spomladi leta 2004 v Baden-Württembergu. V njej je z izpolnjevanjem anketnih vprašalnikov sodelovalo 70 otrok, ki obiskujejo dopolnilni pouk slovenskega jezika in kulture v starosti od 6 do 18 let. Predstavljena sta znanje in raba nemščine oziroma slovenščine pri teh otrocih, njihova stališča do slovenščine, slovenstva in s tem povezanih dejavnikov ter njihov odnos do dopolnilnega pouka slovenskega jezika in kulture.

Maja Bitenc: Teaching Slovene to Slovene Migrants: A Case Study with Learners of the Slovene Language and Culture at Baden-Württemberg. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 55–69.
At the beginning the article gives a brief description of the basic concepts from the field of languages in contact, ways of using Slovene in Germany, and ways of learning Slovene in this country. The main part of the article provides data on the courses of Slovene language and culture abroad, their historical development and current organisation, while the empirical part describes the design, course and results of a case study carried out in the spring of 2004 at Baden-Württemberg. Seventy children between the ages of 6 and 18, who take Slovene language and culture courses, participated in the case study by completing a questionnaire. The article shows knowledge and the use of German and Slovene by the participants of the study, their views on the Slovene language, Slovene identity and various factors related to this matter, and their relation to Slovene language and culture courses.



Janja Ban, Tina Špelko: Slovenska jezikovna skupnost v Argentini. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 71–84.
Besedilo je nastalo na podlagi diplomskega dela Slovenska jezikovna skupnost v Argentini: (socio)lingvistična analiza in predstavlja sodobno jezikovno situacijo slovenske povojne izseljenske skupnosti v Argentini, ki je z dobro organiziranostjo in uspešnim delovanjem omogočila prenašanje slovenščine med generacijami. Skozi zgodovinski okvir izseljevanja ponuja razprava vpogled v obravnavano skupnost ter osvetli razloge, ki pojasnjujejo obstanek in kontinuiteto skupnosti. V besedilo so vključeni tudi rezultati akcijskega raziskovanja in njihova interpretacija, s čimer je poleg natančnejše sodobne sociolingvistične situacije skupnosti predstavljena tudi jezikovna podoba slovenščine argentinskih Slovencev.

Janja Ban, Tina Špelko: The Slovene Linguistic Community in Argentina. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 71–84.
The article is based on a BA thesis entitled Slovenska jezikovna skupnost v Argentini: (socio)lingvistična analiza (The Slovene Linguistic Community in Argentina: A (Socio)linguistic Analysis) and portrays a contemporary situation of the post-war Slovene emigrant community in Argentina, which has managed, through good organisation and successful operations, to pass Slovene from one generation on to another. Within the historical framework of emigration the article offers an insight into the discussed community and illuminates reasons for the existence and continuity of the community. The article also contains the results of action research and their interpretation; in addition to a more accurate contemporary socio-linguistic situation of the community, the linguistic image of the Slovene spoken by the Argentinean Slovenes is presented.



Anna Kolláth: Detrianonizacija madžarskega jezika – izzivi in možnosti v tretjem tisočletju v osrčju Evrope. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 85–102.
Madžarščina je po eni strani vitalen evropski jezik in državni jezik Madžarske; po drugi strani pa petina govorcev madžarščine živi v manjšinskem položaju. Proces t. i. detrianonizacije madžarskega jezika, ki ga sestavljajo različni konkretni jezikoslovni projekti, ima za cilj dvig prestiža madžarščine kot manjšinskega jezika, hkrati pa je s svojimi predpostavkami in rešitvami poučen tudi za druge evropske jezike v podobnem položaju.

Anna Kolláth: Detrianonisation (detrianonizáció) of the Hungarian Language – Challenges and Opportunities in the Third Millennium in Central Europe. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 85–102.
On the one hand, Hungarian is a vital European language and the national language of Hungary, while on the other hand, one fifth of its speakers live in a minority situation. The process of what is referred to as detrianonisation (detrianonizáció) of the Hungarian language, which is composed of various linguistic projects, has as its objective to raise the prestige of Hungarian as a minority language, while at the same time also being a model with its suppositions and solutions for other European languages in a similar situation.



Jordi Magrinyà Domingo: Jezikovna situacija v Španiji. Šest avtohtonih manjšinskih jezikov. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 103–122.
V Španiji je vsaj devet avtohtonih jezikov: aragonščina, aranščina, baskovščina, galicijščina, kastiljščina ali španščina, katalonščina, llionščina, katalonski znakovni jezik in španski znakovni jezik. Edini jezik, ki je uraden na celotnem območju današnje Španije, je kastiljski jezik. Ostali jeziki imajo različne stopnje javnega priznanja: nekateri so souradni skupaj s kastiljščino, drugi pa nimajo nobenega uradnega priznanja. Razprava obravnava šest izmed teh jezikov: aragonščino, aranščino, llionščino, baskovščino, katalonščino in galicijščino. V njej ponujamo kratek vpogled v zgodovino teh jezikov in opišemo njihovo družbeno situacijo iz različnih vidikov: z vidika demografije, jezikovne zakonodaje, šolstva, medijev, pobud za revitalizacijo jezika, pa tudi vidika znanja jezika in odnosa do njega.

Jordi Magrinyà Domingo: A Linguistic Situation in Spain. Six Autochthonous Minority Languages. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 103–122.
There are at least nine autochthonous languages in Spain: Aragonese, Aranese, Basque, Galician, Castilian or Spanish, Catalonian, Astur-Leonese, the Catalonian sign language and the Spanish sign language. The only official language in the entire territory of present Spain is Castilian. The other languages are awarded with various degrees of public recognition: some share an equal status of the official language with Castilian, while others do not have any formal recognition. The article discusses six of these languages: Aragonese, Aranese, Astur-Leonese, Basque, Catalonian and Galician. A brief insight into the history of these languages is offered, and their social status is described from various points: from the point of demographics, language policy, education, media, various initiatives for language revitalisation, and also from the point of knowledge and relation to language.



Jacek Warchala: Širjenje pogovornega jezika in umikanje narečja kot značilna težnja sodobne poljščine. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 123–139.
Članek obravnava pojav širjenja območja pogovornega jezika (tako govorjenega kot pisanega različka) v sodobni poljščini. Opisuje politično in družbenogospodarsko ozadje tega procesa, navaja dejavnike, ki ga omogočajo oz. pospešujejo, ter razčlenjuje njegove posledice. Širjenje pogovornega jezika spreminja celotni sestav jezikovnih zvrsti v poljščini. Njegove posledice so: proces izumiranja narečij, porast pomena govorjenega jezika (vzpostavitev prevladujočega nasprotja govorjeni jezik – pisani jezik) in marginalizacija knjižnega jezika kot člena nasprotja knjižni jezik – narečja (vzpostavitev prevladujočega in neizrazitega nasprotja splošni (normativni) jezik – pogovorni jezik).

Jacek Warchala: The Expansion of Colloquial Discourse and the Withdrawal of a Dialect – A Typical Trend in Modern Polish. Jezik in slovstvo. 3–4/2006. 123–139.
The article discusses a phenomenon of the expansion of colloquial discourse (in both spoken and written form) in modern Polish. It describes the political and socio-economic background of this process, presents factors enabling or advancing it, and analyses its consequences. The expansion of colloquial language is changing the entire composition of language variation in Polish. Its consequences are the process of dialect extinction, increasing significance of colloquial language (the establishment of the prevailing dichotomy spoken discourse – written discourse), and the marginalisation of standard language as a link between the dichotomy standard language – dialects (the establishment of the prevalent and non-expressive dichotomy general (normative) language – colloquial language).